"This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the use of safeguards in a trade agreement. It then analyzes the available data on the use of safeguards by WTO members to examine two hypotheses in the economics literature, that safeguards improve welfare by facilitating tariff...

Introduction -- International sale of goods -- The sales contract -- Letters of credit -- Non-establishment forms of international business : agency and distributorships, technology transfer, contract manufacturing, and franchising -- Foreign direct investment -- Protecting intellectual property...