I argue that medieval judicial ordeals accurately assigned accused criminals' guilt and innocence. They did this by leveraging a medieval superstition called iudicium Dei. According to that superstition, God condemned the guilty and exonerated the innocent through clergy conducted physical...

Damned if you do--damned if you don't : the collaboration dilemma in business during war and under dictatorship / Joachim Lund -- Die "Neuordnung" des europäischen "Grosswirtschaftsraumes" : deutsche Pläne und Realität / Dietrich Eichholtz -- Thesen und Desiderata zur ökonomischen...

While people in democracies can vote their government out when they are discontent with its policies, those in dictatorships cannot do so. They can only attempt to expel the dictator via mass protests or revolutions. Based on a general cause-and-effect mechanism, the author analyzes whether such...