marriage or pregnancy, is responsible for women exiting the labor force upon motherhood. … the first child, explain part of the so-called motherhood effect in labor market outcomes. Using data for 29 countries …

death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the … control for whether there is a death around the time of the pregnancy in order to isolate true causal effects of a bereavement … during pregnancy. We find small negative effects on birth outcomes, and these effects are bigger for boys than for girls. The …