to a statistically significant and negative impact on the real economy. This impact increases with the size of the bank … the stringency of regulatory standards should vary with bank size, and support the idea that the largest banks should be …

For an international sample of banks, the authors construct measures of a bank's absolute size and its systemic size … defined as size relative to the national economy. They examine how a bank's risk and return, its activity mix and funding … save. The finding that a bank's interest cost tends to rise with its systemic size can also in part explain why a bank …