Ambitious plans to decarbonise electricity will require high levels of variable renewable electricity (VRE). At high VRE penetration, the surplus that cannot be exported must be curtailed. Marginal curtailment is 3-4+ times average curtailment for wind, higher for solar PV, but even in...

Emissions trading systems for non-renewable and Feed-In Tariffs for renewable energy sources are currently widely in use. This study investigates how renewable targets for the Nordic power market might be achieved at the lowest possible costs. The instruments investigated are Feed-In Tariffs...