We propose a refinement of the criterion by Bai and Ng [2002] for determining the number of static factors in factor models with large datasets. It consists in multiplying the penalty function times a constant which tunes the penalizing power of the function itself as in the Hallin and Lika...

We propose a refinement of the criterion by Bai and Ng [2002] for determining the number of static factors in factor models with large datasets. It consists in multiplying the penalty function by a constant which tunes the penalizing power of the function itself as in the Hallin and Lika [2007]...

We propose a new unified approach to identifying and estimating spatio-temporal dependence structures in large panels. The model accommodates global crosssectional dependence due to global dynamic factors as well as local cross-sectional dependence, which may arise from local network structures....