Qian, Zhen; Zhang, H. - In: Networks and Spatial Economics 13 (2013) 2, pp. 183-203
Network user equilibrium or user optimum is an ideal state that can hardly be achieved in real traffic. More often than not, every day traffic tends to be in disequilibrium rather than equilibrium, thanks to uncertainties in demand and supply of the network. In this paper we propose a hybrid...