The purpose of this work is to examine how the Great East Japan Earthquake impacted foreign employees at subsidiaries in Japan. We divide foreign employees in three types, classic expatriates, locally hired foreigners and short term employees which are known in the literature as frequent fliers....

Complexities in the Japanese distribution system are well-publicized. An emerging body of literature has documented recent changes in the Japanese distribution system. In this paper, it is examined whether foreign firms' accessibility to the Japanese distribution system has changed in a...

The global e-retail industry is growing rapidly. Economies worldwide, however, differ greatly in the development of the e-retail industry. Using data from forty-seven economies, this paper empirically examines how technological, economic, and institutional factors explain international...

Economies worldwide vary greatly in terms of how much their consumers spend on various types of retail activities. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the regulatory characteristics as well as the natures and strategies of businesses are related to retail spending. We employed random...