The process of moving goods from the exporter’s location to the port involves significant financial costs, as well as costs associated with lengthy and uncertain delivery times. We illustrate these costs by considering exports from landlocked countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Inland...

This paper assesses issues relating to tariffs and nontariff measures (NTMs) in relation to Russia's World Trade Organization (WTO) and Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) commitments. The analysis finds that full implementation of Russia's WTO tariff schedule through 2020, would raise goods imports by...

Interest in the expansion of e-commerce as a driver for economic development, especially ecommerce across borders, has intensified in recent years. While there is an apparent widespread consensus on the environmental factors necessary to promote e-commerce in developing countries, the basis of...

This paper assesses and compares economic impacts of four actual and potential free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region; Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP, sometimes also called TPP-11), the original Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP-12), the...