This paper describes three prototypical systems of therapeutic reference pricing (RP) for pharmaceuticals—Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand—and examines their effects on the availability of new drugs, reimbursement levels, manufacturer prices, and out-of-pocket surcharges to patients....

"Professional partnerships might facilitate matching between specialized professionals and heterogeneous consumers, particularly where matching across firms is limited by information, incentives or regulation. We examine the extent to which internally-differentiated medical groups promote...