This paper is a response to the IEA consultation on "Toward a More Efficient and Innovative Electricity Sector in Russia". From a regulatory perspective, it examines the question of investments in electricity production in Russia by focusing on the independence of the regulatory authority (the...

Commission v. Slovakia concerned the cornerstone of the internal energy market – non-discriminatory third party access to the network. It also involved the delicate interaction between EU law and international investment law. In particular, this case relates to the possibility of justifying...

The effectiveness of carbon pricing as a market-based policy tool with economy-wide transformation potential has increasingly rendered it the instrument of choice among policy makers responding to challenges posed by climate change. However, the potential for jurisdictions to introduce carbon...

Energy efficiency is since long a cornerstone of the European internal energy policy. In recent years, it has also taken an increasing importance in the external energy relations of the EU. Given the obsolete condition of the energy system of many EU neighbouring countries, the potential for...

The architecture of the Kyoto Protocol gives the private sector a central role to play. It will most probably continue to occupy an important place in the post-2012 climate regime. However, one essential aspect for private investors is often overlooked during the ongoing climate talks: the...

Given the capital-intensive and long-term nature of the energy and low-carbon infrastructure, investors repeatedly highlight regulatory stability as an essential precondition to the transfer of private capital and technology to the development and decarbonisation of energy supply. The Third...

The General Court judgment annotated here is the first decision to recognize that the principle of energy solidarity, established in Article 194(1) TFEU, is not simply a political notion but a legally enforceable principle that can be used as a ground for judicial review. The case contributes to...

To protect end-consumers from the financial impact of renewable energy subsidies, it is common for governments to radically change the level of support initially promised to investors. In reaction, investors can sue states before international arbitration tribunals. Based on a detailed analysis...

According to economic statecraft theory, states use investments by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) to achieve geopolitical objectives, such as securing control over resources or exercising influence in zones of special strategic interest. There is increasing interest for the geopolitics of...

This book analyzes the regulatory framework that Russia has developed to attract private capital and technology in the modernization of the electricity infrastructure. Comparing Russian and EU electricity law, the book identifies regulatory risks and examines investors' protection under Russian...