The paper maintains that biotechnology regions develop as complex systems: they start with star scientists in research universities, generating knowledge spillovers, then move progressively towards regional technology markets. In the process they attract venture capital (or modify the behaviour...

In high technology areas such as biotechnology and computer software, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) is poorly informed about the relevant prior art. In these cases, it may be optimal for the PTO to provide incentives to the patentee to produce a complete prior art disclosure. Such...

The paper maintains that biotechnology regions develop as complex systems: they start with star scientists in research universities, generating knowledge spillovers, then move progressively towards regional technology markets. In the process they attract venture capital (or modify the behaviour...