The socioeconomic wellbeing of urban areas depends on a well-functioning transportation system that makes it easier for people to access goods and services. Whereas most urban areas in emerging economies are expanding in size and human population, high motorisation and inadequate public...

We propose and test two hypotheses on how multinational (MNC) parents can use different financial contracting arrangements when financing their subsidiaries in order to constrain the rent-seeking behavior of subsidiary management. Furthermore, we also examine how the MNC parent can effectively...