The rapid and massive increase in rural-to-urban worker flows to the coast of China has drawn recent attention to the … welfare of migrants working in urban regions, particularly to their working conditions and pay; serious concern is raised … migrants on one hand, and urban residents and urban migrants on the other. Contrary to popular belief, we find no earnings …

younger cohorts to urban areas the increase in the old-age dependency ratio will be even more pronounced in rural than in … urban areas. Very different pension arrangements exist across the country, with diverse and segmented systems in urban areas … rates are fairly low and projected to decline further, both for rural and urban residents, which may be difficult to sustain …

problems, the government has launched a number of reforms. New insurance schemes have been rolled out both in rural and urban …

and fees. Welfare assistance has also evolved: a minimum living allowance has been introduced in urban and more recently …