dealers, professional thieves, prostitutes, police, public school security guards and teens in the city of Chicago …, robberies, arrests and confiscated crime guns. We find evidence of considerable frictions in the underground market for guns in …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

Although women?s police centers have been gaining popularity as a measure to address domestic violence, to date no … quantitative evaluations of their impacts on the incidence of domestic violence or any other manifestations of gender equality have … been done. This paper estimates the effects of women?s police stations in Brazil on female homicides, as a measure of the …

violence. To understand why, this article offers a theory about criminal governance in five types of criminal regimes … actors, abuse or cooperate with the community, and hold a monopoly or contest territory with rival OCGs. Police interventions …'s “Pacifying Police Units” (UPPs), which sought to reclaim control of the favelas from criminal organizations …