In order to contain expenditures for pharmaceuticals, the latest healthcare reforms have focused on decentralising German pharmaceutical market. Health insurance funds are now able to tender the products and subsequently conclude rebate contracts with one or more companies. Considering the...

A concept of relevance to spot markets for truck-based freight transportation services is the price of anarchy (PoA), which defines the performance inferiority of decentralized market mechanisms for consummating transactions (vis-à-vis centralized mechanisms). To examine this concept in the...

This study is arguing that management would benefit in pricing decision from simple rules of thumb more than from complicated models. These rules are easy to use and they provide management with useful support to move towards optimisation and to diminish gap between theory and practice. This...

This paper studies the pricing problem of substitutable products in a supply chain with one manufacturer and two competitive retailers. The consumer demands and manufacturing costs are of uncertainty, which are described by fuzziness. Based on different market structures, one centralized pricing...

This paper investigates the effect of product substitutability and relative channel status on pricing decisions under different power structures of a dual exclusive channel system where each manufacturer distributes its goods through a single exclusive retailer but two goods are substitute. A...