We investigate, using mean-field theory and simulation, the effect of asymmetry on the critical behavior and probability density of Bak–Sneppen models. Two kinds of anisotropy are investigated: (i) different numbers of sites to the left and right of the central (minimum) site are updated and...

By mapping the optimization problems to physical systems, the paper presents a general-purpose stochastic optimization method with extremal dynamics. It is built up with the traveling salesman problem (TSP) being a typical NP-complete problem. As self-organized critical processes of extremal...

We present a simplified model for the exploitation of resources by interacting agents, in an economy with small-world properties. It is shown that Gaussian distributions of wealth, with some cutoff at a poverty line are present for all values of the parameters, while the frequency of maxima and...

We present a simplified model for the exploitation of resources by interacting agents, where each agent receives a random fraction of the available resources. An extremal dynamics ensures that the poorest agent has a chance to change its economic welfare. After a long transient; the system...

Extremal dynamics is the mechanism that drives the Bak-Sneppen model into a (self-organized) critical state, marked by a singular stationary probability density p(x). With the aim of understanding this phenomenon, we study the BS model and several variants via mean-field theory and simulation....

The spin market model [S. Bornholdt, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 12 (2001) 667] is generalized by employing co-evolutionary principles, where strategies of the interacting and competitive traders are represented by local and global couplings between the nodes of dynamic directed stochastic network. The...

Designating the ideal shipping route can spare expenses, enlarge profits and improve the competitiveness of shipping companies. Liner shipping route choice is mainly contingent on fuel cost, which always contributes the major proportion of the ship's operating cost. Although many studies on this...