Using data from a survey conducted by the World Bank in China, this paper shows that foreign ownership enhances firm productivity. We also find that only equity ownership from foreign firms can have such a positive impact, but not ownership from foreign institutional investors, banks, or...

Skill content varies enormously across industries and over time. This paper shows that import competition can explain a significant portion of the variation in various skill measures across manufacturing industries. Industries that face more intense import competition employ more nonroutine...

This paper proposes a theory of competition and customization. When firms allocate their production to both custom-made and standardized products, the fraction of sales from the former will increase in the face of increased competition. Recent surveys conducted by the World Bank on Chinese firms...