Petroleum product subsidies have again started to increase with the rebound in international prices. This note reviews … necessary to reduce the fiscal burden of these subsidies and to address climate change. Between 2003 and mid-2008, global … consumer subsidies for petroleum products are estimated to have increased more than eightfold, from $57 billion to $490 billion …

relevant taxes/subsidies to correct the externalities and to address equity and revenue considerations can be measured with a …

We conducted a comprehensive analysis on the sequential introductions of dynamic and static volatility interruptions … investors from brief periods of abnormal volatility for individual stocks. We found that dynamic VI is effective in price …