This paper incorporates the cost of adjustment between observed and optimal leverage in explaining the variation in firm's equity or bank-debt financing investments. Using a dynamic adjustment approach identifies the determinants to capital structure between different financial systems. In...

This paper investigates the drivers of private equity activity by undertaking a panel data study for 17 European countries. Activity is affected by both cyclical and structural factors. We control for the cyclical factors and examine structural drivers of investment in private equity. We examine...

We provide the first measurement of knowledge spillovers from venture capital-financed companies onto the patenting activities of other companies. On average, these spillovers are nine times larger than those generated by the R&D investment of established companies. Spillover effects are larger...