This study presents evidence for the existence of job polarization in Japan, identifies its effects across four age cohorts, and shows its relationship to Japan's business cycles during 1984-2010. The findings indicate that middle-skilled occupations decreased most sharply among the youngest...

In this paper, we reassess labor-market adjustment using an indicator of occupational income unfairness (OIU) that shows whether workers are paid what is warranted by their effort. Although an empirically derived unfairness indicator does not necessarily reflect workers' perceived unfairness,...

In this paper, we reassessed labor-market adjustment by using an indicator of occupational income unfairness (OIU) which shows whether workers are paid equal to what is warranted by their effort. Although an empirically derived unfairness indicator does not necessarily reflect workers' perceived...

Depletion of water resources requires us to search for non-conventional strategies for water preservation and irrigation. Sustainable management of such water resources along with the development of sustainable irrigation systems will contribute to the stability of agricultural yield that is a...

In this paper, we propose a statistical index of industrial localization based on Kullback-Leibler divergence. This index is particularly well suited to cases where industrial data is only available at the regional level. Unlike existing regional-level indices, our index can be employed to test...

This paper analyzes repeated games in which it is possible for players to observe the other players' past actions without noise but it is costly. One's observation decision itself is not observable to the other players, and this private nature of monitoring activity makes it difficult to give...

The desolate desert in Afghanistan's Kandahar and Helmand Provinces was previously populated by thousands of pastoralists until a devastating drought decimated animal herds and forced them to live as IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) on land bordering the desert. Through funding from UNAMA...

The purpose of this paper is to decompose income inequality based on two different dimensions in nature. One is sample's personal characteristics, and the other is income sources. Empirical investigation is attempted to data in Japan. Although there are several studies which attempted...

There are several judicial cases under the US environmental law, in which a lending bank is liable for cleaning up environmentally hazardous materials generated by its borrowing firm. Such a liability rule, so-called lender liability, is applied to a lending bank which has been actively involved...