This study examines the impact of the recent establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on the long-run, short-run and contemporaneous structures of integration among eleven European stock markets and the US. The results show that although two cointegrating vectors exist both before...

Following the shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economy may be significantly changed relative to the pre-pandemic world. One critical shift induced by the COVID- 19 pandemic is a need for physical distance (at least 6 feet apart) between workers and customers. In this study, we examine the...