forward hedging and vertical integration are two separate mechanisms for demand and spot price risk diversification that both … forward hedging when retailers are highly risk averse. We illustrate our analysis with data from the French electricity market. …

. Moreover, it proposes an application of the strategy in hedging against a price drop of the underlying asset to a future date … in a way which enables hedging with zero cost. We have found a profit function, as well as a function of income from a … hedged position in the analytical form, which simplifies the application in particular hedging. …

producers have hedging demands for commodity futures. Increases in producers' hedging demand or speculators' capital constraints … increase hedging costs via price-pressure on futures. These in turn affect producers' equilibrium hedging and supply decision … 2010. The component of the commodity futures risk premium associated with producer hedging demand rises when speculative …

bank deposits, a proxy for access to finance. Overall, this article illuminates the relation between hedging and real firm …

paper explains the mechanism of such a derivatives use to the hedging of weather risks. The research methodology is the past …

Hedging transaction and translation exposures to exchange rate changes may increase the economic exposure of the firm … and reduce the information value of firms' quarterly statements. In this paper hedging macroeconomic exposures, of which … measured, choice of strategy for managing exposures, and choice of financial instruments for hedging different exposures. …

hedging behaviour, and provides empirical evidence on a potential differentiation of determinants of derivative use over time …

. The goal of hedging against interest rate risk is only achieved in full if the present value of this spread is zero. Using … market data we show that under a traditional IRS hedging strategy an investor could still experience significant cash flow … portfolio that allows for general changes in interest rates. We make two contributions. The paper analyzes the size of hedging …

Hedging being a predominant financial concern, is considered as a robust method of managing investment risks …. Literature evinces that the covered call strategy provides nominal returns alongside effective hedging. However, studies have not … compared the hedging effectiveness of covered call, covered put, collar, and synthetic long call strategies in the equity …