We propose a model of trade agreements in which contracting is costly, and as a consequence the optimal agreement may … be incomplete. Inspite of its simplicity, the model yields rich predictions on the structure of the optimal trade … explicitly into account can help explain a number of key features of real trade agreements. …

new World Trade Organization (WTO). Many developing countries perceive the entwining of these social issues with trade …Social policies are likely to have an ever-more prominent role in trade policy discussions in the years ahead for the … unfair, ecologically unsound, and even immoral to trade with countries adopting much lower standards than theirs. This paper …

peculiar relationships with some legal developments in GATT and WTO dispositions. Second, data on the use of antidumping from … GATT/WTO sources are corrected of some mistakes and complemented with various other sources. This allows to cover important … countries like China, Taiwan, Russia and Ukraine, which are usually excluded since they are not members of the WTO, as well as …

: 1) the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the Generalized Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); 2) the … indicate that OECD membership (but neither GATT/WTO nor IMF membership) has had a consistently large positive effect on trade. …This Paper estimates the effect on international trade of three multilateral organizations intended to increase trade …

Empirical studies have repeatedly documented the countercyclical nature of trade barriers. In this paper, we propose a … protection and the business cycle. Focusing on self-enforcing trade agreements, we find theoretical support for countercyclical … movements in protection levels. The fast growth in trade volume that is associated with a boom phase facilitates the maintenance …

The basic legal instrument in the WTO Agreement regulating domestic environmental policies is the GATT National …) in NT disputes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of this burden for trade liberalization and for the …

The National Treatment clause (NT) is the first-line defense in the GATT (and in most other trade agreements) against … internal taxation under the GATT. It is shown that despite severely restricting the freedom to set internal taxes, NT may …. Furthermore, it requires a high degree of economic sophistication on behalf of trade negotiators in order for this beneficial …

role of NT in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) from the perspective of economic theory. Having established …, here we focus on the understanding of the key terms implementing the purpose of NT by GATT and World Trade Organization … GATT, unbound by case-law interpretations of this provision. To make such proposals, we need to understand the role of the …

project aims to analyze the central instrument in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement for the regulation of trade in … goods – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT). The present study is one of two background studies for this …This study is part of The American Law Institute (ALI) project Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law. The …

security of market access result from increased membership of the GATT/WTO system, which itself underwent important changes as …In the last ten years, there has been a sea change in trade and related policies in emerging markets. This results from … eliminated and tariffs, now the principal trade instrument, have been rationalized and reduced. Considerable increases in …