We propose an asset pricing model featuring both limited participation and heterogeneity, in which agents randomly participate in the bond and stock markets according to a probability that depends on their non-financial income. We develop an indirect inference method to estimate our model on...

We combine high-frequency stock returns with risk-neutralization to extract the daily common component of tail risks perceived by investors in the cross-section of firms. We find that our tail risk measure significantly predicts the equity premium, variance risk premium and realized moments of...

Most empirical studies on liquidity constraints classify a consumer as being constrained on the basis of a single indicator such as the asset to income ratio. In this analysis, we model the probability that a consumer faces liquidity constraints as a function of multiple social and economic...

We test whether the six Euler conditions in Section 4.3 of the main paper are satisfied for 10 long-run reversal portfolios, 25 size/investment portfolios, 25 size/operating profitability portfolios and 10 industry portfolios. The tests for Euler conditions are consistent with the model and...

We propose an asset pricing model featuring time-varying limited participation in both bond and stock markets and household heterogeneity. Households face idiosyncratic income risks but participate in financial markets with a certain probability that depends on their individual income and on...

Transaction costs have declined over time but they can increase considerably when funding liquidity becomes scarce, investors’ fears spike or other frictions limit arbitrage. We estimate bid-ask spreads of thousands of firms at a daily frequency and put forward these large movements for...

We extend the macroeconomic literature on -type rules by introducing infrequent information in a kinked adjustment-cost model. We first show that optimal individual decision rules are both state and time dependent. We then develop an aggregation framework to study the macroeconomic implications...