Redistribution across individuals in a one-year-period framework is an empirically intensely studied question. However …, a substantial share of annual redistribution might turn out to serve individual insurance in a longer perspective …, reducing the level of actual redistribution across individuals. This paper investigates to what extent long-run redistribution …

Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities …. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across … particularly affected. A comprehensive approach is required to ensure an effective transition out of poverty and social exclusion …

poverty has worsened, although AIDS, drought, and economic mismanagement have all compromised poverty reduction. In any case …, child poverty has come under increased scrutiny, in part because of the Millennium Development Goals and the growing …

. The paper underscores the principles of the poverty focus of social assistance and presents an overview of existence … evidence of first- and second-order effects of social assistance, particularly in the domains of poverty, education, health and …

pension benefit rule that is adopted. If this rule incorporates some implicit or explicit redistribution from healthy to … unhealthy individuals then the latter types are better off as a result of the pension system. In the absence of redistribution …