Existences have tangible dimensions and intangible dimensions. The tangible dimensions have finite energy responsible for mass and universal spacetime and the intangible dimensions have infinite time without beginning or end. This report will show the economy of scale in graphic form on the...

The present project is related in the measurement of the risk and the improvement of the processes of monetary species. The main objective is to offer a methodology in the tickets administration because understanding of history is a situation that becomes in an advantage on the opportunities at...

Time series and cross-country empirical results suggest that cash holding as a percentage of income rises, or alternatively that velocity falls, as income increases. Numerous cross-sectional findings at many points in time, in several countries conclude oppositely. It is argued here that the...

This study uses stochastic frontier analysis for estimating efficiencies of railways systems in European countries. We consider railways as a system which uses its infrastructure (length of lines worked, numbers of cars and wagons, staff strength) and a scale of market (number of habitants and...

This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability in the People’s Republic of China by empirically estimating environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) models using provincial-level panel data from 1985 to 2005. The results show that there exists an...

This paper reports several entirely new results on financial market dynamics and option pricing We observe that empirical distributions of returns are much better approximated by an exponential distribution than by a Gaussian. This exponential distribution of asset prices can be used to develop...

Disaster risk is a major concern in a developing country like India as people living in disaster prone regions of the country are subject to variety of risks concerning their livelihoods. Preliminary assessments reveal that the severity and intensity of floods in various parts of India might...

We discuss martingales, detrending data, and the efficient market hypothesis for stochastic processes x(t) with arbitrary diffusion coefficients D(x,t). Beginning with x-independent drift coefficients R(t) we show that Martingale stochastic processes generate uncorrelated, generally...

The aim of the paper is to re-assess the bank credit development in 11 Central and Eastern European countries and to provide new estimates of the credit-to-GDP ratio equilibrium level. Using filtering methods and dynamic panel estimations, our results suggest an “excessive” credit...

This paper attempts to identify the important determinants of foreign institutional investments (FII) into India. The issue is extremely important for contemporary policy making since managing the large foreign inflows into India in recent times has come to haunt both the RBI and the Government....