The paper investigates the effect of financial development, imports and foreign direct investment (FDI) on output in case of Pakistan over the period of 1990-2008 using quarterly data set. ARDL bounds testing approach is applied to examine the long run relationship and the direction of causality...

In the introductory chapter a novel economic policy is proposed which consists of a) 'virtualizing' debt (putting it on the Central Bank balance sheet) and b) reduce the money-multiplier by an implementation of a strong minimum reserving policy. The main part shows exposes a flaw in the concept...

The present study is, in particular, an attempt to test the relationship between tax level and political stability by using some economic control variables and to see the relationship among government effectiveness, corruption, and GDP. For the purpose, we used the Vector Autoregression (VAR)...

How important are financial friction shocks in business cycles fluctuations? To answer this question, I use micro data to quantify key features of US financial markets. I then construct a dynamic equilibrium model that is consistent with these features and fit the model to business cycle data...

Kalecki’s profit theory has always been popular among heterodox economist as an alternative approach to solve the paradox of monetary profits. In the present paper his formula ‘The workers spend what they get, the capitalists get what they spend’ is scrutinized for its logical and factual...

Despite the most common interpretation of John Hicks´s formalization of the General Theory that it was mainly oriented to achieve "mathematical elegance", this paper shows that Hicks´s results are based on theoretical arguments and specific causality relations. Hicks acknowledges the...

The present paper is part of a not yet concluded research. It explores the hypothesis that the mathematical formalizations of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Keynes, 1936) developed by Roy Harrod, John Hicks, David Champernowne, Brian Reddaway and James Meade represent...

The aim of the paper concerns the analysis of the contributions presented by Meade, Harrod and Hicks at the Symposium on Keynes’ General Theory during the Oxford Meeting in September 1936 to stress an important event for the development of macroeconomic theory. Moreover, this paper focuses on...

This article is an attempt to understand the causal factors behind fluctuations in aggregate output. We find an absence of bidirectional causality between the gross domestic product residual and the gross domestic capital formation residual as well as between the GDP residual and the residual of...

The calamities of Sudan expand on daily basis. The secession of Southern Sudan has deprived the country of 25% of it total area, 24% of population, over 80% of its oil income. Moreover, it has separated with 75% of it vegetation cover and 30% of potential arable land. In addition, Sudan stands...