The primary role of the labour law has been viewed traditionally as addressing the unequal bargaining power between employers and employees focusing on standard employment contracts. The rapid and continuous increase in non-standard employment, however, made many labour scholars reconsider the...

We conducted an inventor survey to examine the contribution of science to corporate inventions. The survey results show that for about one-quarter of the inventions, scientific knowledge embodied in literature, equipment, or research materials in the last 15 years was essential to conceive or...

The greatest feature of the Chinese economy since the launch of its reform and open-door policies is that its economic resources, including human resources, goods, and capital, have become truly liquid nationwide under a market economy for the first time in the history of Chinese economic...

Emerging economies, with steady and high growth, have been increasing their share of the world trade, as well as strengthening their export competitiveness in industries where developed countries have captured the world market.Based on recent trade theory and empirics, the commencement of...

This research paper tracks Japan-India trade and investment relations. India's potential as a market for Japanese companies is now well understood by the business community, which is particularly interested in the rising middle class.Analysis of the significance of the Comprehensive Economic...

1. The World Trade Organization (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) negotiation has not resulted in any major achievements since the Telecommunication and Financial Services Agreements concluded in 1997 due to a lack of momentum in the Doha Round, concerns about free-riding, and...

There is wide consensus on the role of innovation as a primary driver of productivity and growth, generating new employment and contributing social returns benefiting the broader public. The Japanese and U.S. governments have placed increased emphasis on innovation as a core component of...

This paper quantifies the fiscal cost of the demographic transition that Japan is projected to experience over the next several decades, in a life-cycle model with endogenous saving, consumption, and labor supply in both intensive and extensive margins. Retirement waves of baby-boom generations,...

This research analyzes how human capital and social capital may impact business start-up activities by dividing the business start-up process into three stages and two periods. It shows that the kind of social capital involved in setting up a company differs from that required for the...

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) articles I, III, XX all provide for the principle of non-discrimination (Most-favored nation treatment (MFN) and national treatment) which forms the foundation of the WTO law aquis, and a series of quisi judicial adjudications have attempted to...