Traditionally, voluntary measures have been evaluated using the same framework regardless of their structure. The framework assumes that the measure provides partners with a treatment (information, research support, etc) that will not be transferred to nonpartners. In this framework, a voluntary...

The framework for voluntary program evaluation assumes that voluntary programs provide partners with information that will not be transferred to non-partners. In this framework, a voluntary program is said to be worthwhile if there are significant differences between the behavior of partners and...

Mineral carbonation of alkaline waste materials is being studied extensively for its potential as a way of reducing the increased level of CO2 in the atmosphere. Carbonation converts CO2 into minerals which are stable over geological time scales. This process occurs naturally but slowly, and...

Carbonation of magnesium silicates offers an interesting option for CO2 emission mitigation in Finland, a country with large resources of serpentine-type minerals. Wet processes using aqueous solutions show reasonable chemical kinetics combined with poor energy economy. A dry, gas–solid...

This work reviews the advantages and disadvantages of using mineral wastes for CCS and their potential in CO2 abatement, highlighting the potential applications and scenarios. This study indicates that a variety of inorganic waste materials such as pulverised fuel ash, municipal solid waste ash,...

One of the options that can contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for climate change mitigation is the so-called CO2 sequestration by mineral carbonation, or CO2 mineral sequestration. Steel manufacturing could benefit from this option by utilizing its own by-products, i.e....

Mineral carbonation technologies aim at permanently storing CO2 into materials rich in metal oxides. A multi-step mineralization process employing Ca-rich waste streams to precipitate calcium carbonate is investigated in this paper. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), phosphorus slag...