In the first part of the paper, the concepts of "planning for freedom" by Friedrich Hayek and Karl Polanyi are compared. Hayek rejects "central planning" and also all kinds of "planning for specific aims," but he defends the principle of "planning for competition" as the main condition of a free...

The history of intellectual movements during the twentieth century suggests that ideas can play a transformative role in society. John Maynard Keynes's revolutionary ideas formed the basis of the postwar institutional structure but only after the political and economic conditions permitted it....