Using a panel data approach with bank-fixed effects, we study the impact of Targeted Longer-Term Refinancing Operations (TLTRO) on banks’ risk, given by their distance to default (DtD). The study aims to determine if the liquidity from TLTROs influences banks’ risk-taking behaviour. For the...

Singapore's unique monetary policy consists of a managed exchange rate framework that can be characterized as a Taylor-like reaction function with the nominal devaluation rate instead of the nominal interest rate as the main policy instrument. We build a small open economy New Keynesian model to...

This paper uses a time-varying vector autoregressive (VAR) model for the euro area to explore the changes in the interest rate pass-through to bank retail rates following conventional and unconventional monetary policy shocks. The median estimate of the impulse responses shows a considerably...

Die politische Diskussion um die deutsche Schuldenbremse klingt nicht ab. Nicht zuletzt dürften die Verhandlungen über den Bundeshaushalt des Jahres 2025 ihren Teil dazu beigetragen haben. Im Grunde kritisieren zu einem erheblichen Teil dieselben Personen die Schuldenbremse mit denselben...

Existing high-frequency monetary policy shocks explain surprisingly little variation in stock prices and exchange rates around FOMC announcements. Further, both of these asset classes display heightened volatility relative to non-announcement times. We use a heteroskedasticity-based procedure to...

Macroprudential policy has gained prominence for promoting financial stability. In this paper, we assess the effectiveness of macroprudential policy in reducing credit growth over a 22-year period across 129 countries. Additionally, we investigate the interaction between macroprudential policy,...

The excess liquidity in the euro area is a product of a long period of quantitative easing. It changed the operational framework of the European Central Bank (ECB)'s monetary policy from the scarce reserves system (SRS) to the abundant reserves system (ARS). To eliminate excess liquidity and...

Given the prevailing global circumstances, characterized by tightening global financial conditions and substantial macro-financial vulnerabilities, the significance of monitoring financial conditions becomes even more pronounced and calls for heightened attention to the assessment and...

The Taylor (1993) rule for determining interest rates is generalized to account for three additional variables: The money supply, money velocity, and the unemployment rate. Thus, five parameters, i.e. weights assigned to the deviation in the inflation rate, the deviation in real GDP (Gross...

This paper analyses the effects of the foreign exchange re-serves accumulation on the key nominal and real macroeconomicvariables (GDP, employment, prices and exchange rates) in BRICcountries (Brazil, Russia, India, China). VAR model was used toempirically examine the effect of accumulation of...