Diabetes has become an important public health issue in the twenty-first century, and dialysis treatment has become a large burden on the National Health Insurance of Taiwan. Diabetic nephropathy(DN) is the leading factor that determines whether patients with diabetes will require dialysis....

One crucial task of actuaries is to structure data so that observed events are explained by their inherent risk factors. They are proficient at generalizing important elements to obtain useful forecasts. Although this expertise is beneficial when paired with conventional statistical models, it...