In this paper, we shall analyse the concept of Money. Presently money is viewed as Record-of-Value i.e. money is used to capture value created in any activity. We start by defining money. Then we discuss the way energy is spent in creating value is measured using money. We also assess the uses...

This paper analyzes the relationship between growth in international trade and financial development in Ghana. Applying Co-integration Test and the Vector Error Correction Model to a time series dataset from 1960 to 2013, the study finds that there is long run causal relationship among the...

The objective of this paper is to provide a monthly estimation of the interest rate term structure in the European interbank market since the beginning of the European Monetary Union. In order to do this, we apply the Fama-Bliss boot-strapping method with the approximating function of one of the...

Using the multiple indicator-multiple cause (MIMIC) approach, this paper generates a novel global database by estimating the size of the shadow economy for 157 countries over 1991 to 2017. The results suggest that the OECD countries are by far the lowest with values below 20% of off official GDP...

Professor Schneider's “Comment” on my “Reflections” paper does not adequately address the key issues concerning the veracity of his findings, namely issues of documentation, normalization, calibration and replication. Further findings of inadequate documentation, suspicious normalization...

This comment provides a reply to Prof. Feige's paper with the title “Reflections on the Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the ‘Shadow Economy'?”, in which Prof. Feige heavily criticizes me. I show that the same critique which Prof. Feige raises...

The paper quantifies the role of factors associated with the growth (or decline) of micro and small businesses in European economies. The growth is related to the levels of employment and value added in enterprises, as well as, ten institutional variables. We test the data for consistency of...

We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and new estimation methods of the shadow economy. New results on the shadow economy for 158 countries all over the world are presented over 1991 to 2015. Strengths and weaknesses of these methods are assessed and a...

Most solved dynamic structural macrofinance models are non-linear and/or non-Gaussian state-space models with high-dimensional and complex structures. We propose an annealed controlled sequential Monte Carlo method that delivers numerically stable and low variance estimators of the likelihood...

In this study we test for the existence of calendar effect in Nigerian stock market returns. The data utilised comprised of the daily All Shares Price Index returns for a period of 1339 sampled days ranging from 19th April 2005 to 30th September 2010. In testing for calendar effect in the...