physical trade, results in different pricing dynamics on physical and futures markets, and affects futures price volatility by … four key markets in the MENA region, namely Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran, shows that grain trade is the central … focusing on realized volatility relations between Black Sea spot and leading futures markets. Here, prices posted at the …

revenues when managed appropriately are a blessing, but their volatility (which in Iran is much higher than oil price … volatility) can have adverse effects on real output, through excessively high and persistent levels of inflation. Lack of … 1908-2010. It is shown that although oil has been produced in Iran over a very long period, its importance in the Iranian …