Purchasing power parity hypothesis is viewed as one of the central doctrines in international economics. The hypothesis states an equilibrium condition equating the nominal exchange rate between two national currencies with the relative price of an identical basket of traded goods in each...

Energy is an indispensable input for economic activity. Although capital and labor have widely been used as the production factors of many countries production function, but there is little body of literatures which has used the energy as a production factor in Iran. To the importance of energy...