innovation in these cities. …

We test whether intellectual property rights (IPRs) foster or hinder innovation by estimating IV structural equations …

Investments in R&D and agricultural innovations have been fundamental to long-term economic growth worldwide. But … set of opportunities for innovation in agricultural biotechnologies. Moreover, the institutional, regulatory and …

This chapter summarizes the basic characteristics of patent data as an innovation indicator and reviews some of the … surveys such as the “innovation survey” of firms and the inventor survey. They have deepened our understanding of the …

Innovation in agriculture differs from innovation elsewhere in the economy in several important ways. In this chapter … mean that the nature and extent of market failures in the provision of agricultural research and innovation differ from …. Informal innovation and technical discovery processes characterized agriculture from its beginnings some 10,000 years ago …

concentration upon innovation, focusing on robust findings, questions of interpretation, and the identification of major gaps. We … also consider the more modest literature that considers the effect on innovation of firm characteristics other than size …

first-time patent applicants achieve significantly higher export growth, compared to otherwise similar first-time applicants … constraints or the promotion of follow-on innovation. …

markups, falling labor share and productivity growth. Patents are an important obstacle to knowledge diffusion. We find an … inverse U-shaped relationship between patent strength and growth: moderate levels of patent protection can stimulate growth …, but strong protection leads to rising market power and slower growth. …