The Sahel region constitutes Europe's southern geopolitical border. Any instability there will eventually find its way into the European neighbourhood and Europe itself. The present study examines the main challenges affecting the region and offers a critical evaluation of the 2011 EU 'Strategy...

Some … may look at the depleted nature of Russia's military after its invasion of Ukraine and incorrectly surmise that defence spending increases are not that necessary after all.

After decades of relative peace and security, Europe is faced with a conflict on its doorstep that threatens to upend the recent stability and shift geopolitical order. Russia's war of aggression in Ukraine has forced Europe to confront its shortcomings with regard to providing its own security...

For the first time, security and defence will be a separate heading in the next MFF even though Article 41.2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) prohibits the use of the EU budget for defence reasons.

It is time for the EU member states to start collectively supervising non-EU FDI in Europe’s defence industries and infrastructures. This should be a prudent element of the nascent EDTIB and a way to maintain European security by encouraging greater coordination between the national...

This paper reappraises Normative Power Europe theory in light of the possible changes that a future multipolar order may bring about. If – and 'if' should still be stressed at present – the world is heading towards multipolarity between states such as the US, China, India and Brazil and...

This essay focuses on the degree to which Maltese foreign policy has become Europeanized because of its membership in the European Union. The author focuses on three trends resulting from the Europeanization process: first, the ways in which Malta's national policies and political structures...

China produces more than 90% of global rare earth minerals, all with crucial applications in the European economy. Recent export cuts by China in these minerals have raised a number of trade-related, economic and strategic concerns. Analysing the problem, this paper asks what the EU’s response...