It is time for the EU member states to start collectively supervising non-EU FDI in Europe’s defence industries and infrastructures. This should be a prudent element of the nascent EDTIB and a way to maintain European security by encouraging greater coordination between the national...

This paper reappraises Normative Power Europe theory in light of the possible changes that a future multipolar order may bring about. If – and 'if' should still be stressed at present – the world is heading towards multipolarity between states such as the US, China, India and Brazil and...

This essay focuses on the degree to which Maltese foreign policy has become Europeanized because of its membership in the European Union. The author focuses on three trends resulting from the Europeanization process: first, the ways in which Malta's national policies and political structures...

China produces more than 90% of global rare earth minerals, all with crucial applications in the European economy. Recent export cuts by China in these minerals have raised a number of trade-related, economic and strategic concerns. Analysing the problem, this paper asks what the EU’s response...

The South Mediterranean region has considerable endowments in natural gas, oil, iron ore, phosphates, steel, wood extracts, zinc and fisheries, as well as for Mediterranean agriculture products. Daniel FIOTT would like to see this potential translated into something he would call...

The 2009 adoption of the EU directive on intra‐Community transfers of defence equipment (‘ICT directive’) (2009/43/EC) aims to harmonize defence transfer licencing in the EU. The directive is part of a ‘defence package’ – along with a directive on defence procurement (2009/81/EC) –...

After decades of relative peace and security, Europe is faced with a conflict on its doorstep that threatens to upend the recent stability and shift geopolitical order. Russia's war of aggression in Ukraine has forced Europe to confront its shortcomings with regard to providing its own security...