Despite a more favorable external environment, marked by the rebound in global growth, fast-increasing oil prices, and unprecedented Fund financial support, CEMAC is ending 2021 in a fragile external position. Net external reserves fell throughout 2021 to reach their lowest level in decades, and...

Delivered at The Institute of Regulation and Risk North Asia, The Grand Ballroom, Conrad Hotel, Pacific Place, Hong Kong. This speech was also delivered at The Institute of Regulation and Risk North Asia, The InterContinental Hotel, Tokyo Bay, Japan, June 14, 2010.

In this paper we explore the nexus between cross-border trade integration and monetary policy. We first review the evidence that trade liberalization has increased the degree of integration in North America and conclude that, while robust structural inferences remain elusive, there is sufficient...

In the past four to five decades, inflation has fallen around the world, with median annual global consumer price inflation down from a peak of 16.6 percent in 1974 to 2.6 percent in 2017. This decline began in advanced economies in the mid-1980s and in emerging market and developing economies...

This paper attempts to examine the challenges of monetary integration in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) during the period 2001-2017, within the framework of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Monetary Cooperation Programme (EMCP). The paper recounts the evolution of...