Introduction This report describes the results of work package 5 of the European research project Growing Inequalities’ Impacts (GINI). The GINI project is funded by the seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission. Its main mission is to study the effects of economic and educational...

Introduction Attention to policy runs through the entire GINI project and the aim has been to produce policy relevant output in several ways. First, policy variables feature in the ‘drivers of inequality’ work package examining the factors behind changes in inequality. Second, the GINI...

At the European level and in most EU member states, higher employment levels are seen as key to better poverty outcomes. But what can we expect the actual impact to be? Up until now shift-share analysis has been used to estimate the impact of rising employment on relative income poverty. This...

Working-age households where no-one is in work have become an increasing focus of policy concern even before the economic crisis, and the EU has included household joblessness in its new poverty reduction target for 2020. This paper focuses on the variation across EU countries in the prevalence...

This paper summarizes household-expenditure patterns in the United States based on the 1980, 1990, and 1997 Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CEX). The CEX data used in the analysis have been organized to make them as comparable as possible to data extracted from corresponding expenditure surveys in...

This paper is the UK contribution to the consumption project. In it, we examine changes in the allocation of household expenditure across different goods and services over the past two decades using the UK Family Expenditure Survey (FES). Over time, households have increased the share of their...

Engel curves suffer from the fact that habit or addiction effects are not taken into account on cross sections. Also, income effects may differ between social groups, and cross-section parameters may be biased relatively to time-series estimations. We propose to estimate dynamic Engel curves on...