With the continuous development of the social giant system, the independence of subsystem boundaries has decreased under the drive of complex relationships and multiple uncertainties. Decision makers are required to consider the interactions between different systems to develop precise policy...

Several rationales recently proposed to explain the willingness of firms to voluntarily conduct environmental audits suggest the potential for environmental audits to impact compliance outcomes in the long run. Using a unique facility-level dataset from Michigan, we examine the determinants of...

In this paper I model the optimal monitoring and enforcement strategy when inspection capacity is fixed by budget or manpower constraints. I adopt a leverage enforcement structure that classifies firms into two groups with different enforcement intensities. Optimal monitoring and enforcement...

We explore how limits to our insight on the underlying decision-making structure of regulated entities may affect the conclusions we draw about the likely impacts of environmental policies, with a focus on environmental auditing. We examine the conditions under which a multi-facility firm...

This paper investigates the compliance behavior of firms that are simultaneously regulated by multiple environmental programs. Three possible relationships among compliances with multiple programs are considered: complementarity, substitution and independence. These relationships reflect the...

The High Priority Violation (HPV) Policy represents a way to target enforcement in environmental regulations; serious air pollution violators are targeted with timely and appropriate enforcement, and such enforcement usually means high degree of regulatory scrutiny. Despite the importance of...