Competition among the South, the West, and Canada as major softwood lumber production regions has been affected by timber resource endowments, public land policies, and the general economy. To assess spatial price linkages, a threshold vector error correction model is applied on softwood lumber...

To prevent carbon leakage, some countries have planned to implement border carbon adjustments (BCAs), significantly impacting international trade and commerce. This move is connected to carbon leakage, and carbon stock leakage in harvested wood products (HWPs) is gaining increasing attention,...