Mankiw’s puzzle of long-term (durable) consumption is a significant topic that needs to be solved. We statistically analyze a time series sample from Germany and from the Czech Republic (2004Q1 to 2016Q4). Furthermore, we discussed the analyses that have been performed to date for the USA and...

In the paper we provide some empirical evidence of the development of private debt to GDP ratio in the sample of 18 EU Member States. We use detailed national accounts published regularly by the OECD-financial assets and liabilities by institutional sectors (flow of funds). The ratio of private...

It is a common knowledge that the eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU) was an extremely important undertaking for both the New Member States (EU-10) and the "old Union" countries (EU-15). One of the most important effects was significant acceleration of the development of mutual trade...

Small island developing states (SIDS), such as Barbados, must continually adapt in the face of uncertain external drivers. These include demand for exports, tourism demand, and extreme weather events. Climate change introduces further uncertainty into the external drivers. To address the...

We study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on euro area inflation and how it compares to the experiences of other countries, such as the United States, over the two-year period 2020-21. Our model-based calibration exercises deliver four key results: (1) compositional effects, or the switch...

We estimate a multi-country, multi-sector New Keynesian model to quantify the drivers of domestic inflation during 2020-23 in several countries, including the United States. The model matches observed inflation together with sector-level prices and wages. We further measure the relative...

Legal academics, journalists, and senior executive branch officials alike have assumed that the cost of imposing new regulatory requirements is higher in severe recessions that drive the central bank's policy rate to zero than in other times. This is not correct; the aggregate output costs of...

Legal academics, journalists, and senior executive branch officials alike have assumed that the cost of imposing new regulatory requirements is higher in severe recessions that drive the central bank's policy rate to zero than in other times. This is not correct; the aggregate output costs of...

For an intermediated central bank digital currency (CBDC) to be successful, central banks will need to develop sustainable economic models where intermediaries and end users derive value and central banks achieve their policy goals. This note presents a framework for analyzing different economic...