of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … punish, which in turn reduces the deterrence effect of high fines. Using a laboratory experiment, we identify these effects …

employees had to pay fines to co-workers. Condition one was a typical deterrence policy implemented to punish misconduct in an … implementation was more successful than formal deterrence. …

Criminal law and economics rests on the expectation that deterrence incentives can be employed to reduce crime. Prison … survey evidence however suggests that a majority of criminals are biased and may not react to deterrence incentives. This … study employs an extra-laboratory experiment in a German prison to test the effectiveness of deterrence. Subjects either …