Container paths play an important role in liner shipping services with container transshipment operations. In the literature, link-based multi-commodity flow formulations are widely used for container routing. However, they have two deficiencies: the level of service in terms of the...

It has been addressed in the existing literature that the volume–capacity (v/c) ratio on a private toll road is constant, regardless of the toll value and capacity set by the private companies for each toll road in the network. The previous derivation depends on the assumption that the user...

This paper addresses the optimal distance-based toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing schemes. The optimal distance tolls are determined by a positive and non-decreasing toll-charge function with respect to the travel distance. Each feasible toll-charge function is evaluated by...

It is crucial nowadays for shipping companies to reduce bunker consumption while maintaining a certain level of shipping service in view of the high bunker price and concerned shipping emissions. After introducing the three bunker consumption optimization contexts: minimization of total...