underlined with lessons from (European) electricity and railways. …

29 European countries during the period 1961- 2011. We have included different measures of highways and railways on … the effect of highways and railways, suggest that an additional high- way ray displaced approximately 6% of the central … city population in European cities during the period 1961-2011 on average, whereas the same estimate for radial railways …

same time, the Kingdom of Italy started a large infrastructure project to spread railways, which were largely confined in … Northern Italy, all over the country. Using tools from spatial econometrics, we find that railways played a positive effect on … productivity, but this effect was stronger in the areas in which railways were already built. Moreover, railways helped industrial …