of corruption in a nation after joining the Union has not been formally studied. Any nation that joins the European Union … potentially faces two different and opposite effects on corruption. On the one hand, there are reasons to believe that corruption … is going to decrease because of the efforts of the EU to fight corruption or because of the opening of the markets to …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

Adding to the literature on factors driving corruption and bribery, this paper examines the effect of contestability in …

Previous empirical work on corruption has generally been cross-country in nature and focused on utilizing country …-level corruption ratings. By using micro-level data for over 20 European countries that directly measure individual characteristics …, corruption experiences, gender roles, trust and values to examine the determinants of corruption, this paper goes beyond the …

This paper examines the relationship between corruption and public debt in 106 countries. Results suggest that … corruption leads to an increase in public debt. We also investigate if the effect of corruption on pblic debt is increased by … government expenditure, the shadow economy and military expenditure. We find that the effect of corruption on public debt is …