This chapter reviews the ways that economists measure the aggregate economic performance of national economies. Efficiency and productivity analysis using the methodologies of data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis has made a significant contribution to this challenge after...

It is common in firm level environmental efficiency studies for pollution to form part of the production technology. We omit nitrogen and sulphur emissions from the spatial analysis of production in European countries (1995 - 2008) because we find they are not significant inputs. Efficiency and...