, over this same four-century era; (2) the North-Milgrom-Weingast ‘institutional’ model (1990) on the role of law-merchant … private and public forms of credit – especially the rentes, innovations developing chiefly out of fair-based law merchant … the most favoured one of all – the establishment of the Italian galley route, the direct sea-route, to NW Europe. One …

This paper shows that railroad building in Russia, as in Europe and the US in the nineteenth century, improved the …

The development of pre-industrial Europe was driven by the expansion of trade. This paper describes the patterns of …

In pre-industrial Europe, growth was driven by the expansion of trade, and the expansion of trade was driven by falling …

In pre-industrial Europe, rising productivity both in agriculture and in industry depended on the expansion of trade …

the divergence of Europe from other Old-World economies or the benefits that intercontinental trade have provided to … economies. Looking at Europe as a whole is probably misleading as every country – and probably every region – had a specific …